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Cyrtandra biserrata

Hillebr. (1888)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Gesneriaceae Genus: Cyrtandra

ha‘iwale [haiwale], kanawao ke‘oke‘o [kanawao keokeo]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 1.5–2 m tall.

Stems: Stems apparently unbranched or with a few short side branches, rounded to angular, pubescent with multicellular hairs or glabrate.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. In whorls of (3)4 per node, borne on upper 3–8 nodes. Those at a node unequal to subequal, symmetrical or nearly so, elliptic to elliptic–oblong or occasionally elliptic–ovate, 6–17.5 cm long, 1.5–4.8 cm wide. Apex acuminate to attenuate. Base cuneate to attenuate. Upper surfaces sparsely bullate hirsute; lower surfaces sparsely hirtellous, occasionally the hairs confined to the principal veins or glabrate; blades chartaceous(?). Margins coarsely and unevenly doubly serrate. Petioles 1.2–5.6 cm long, brownish hirtellous. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers 1–2(3) in cymes arising in the leaf axils, moderately to densely brownish hirtellous, peduncles 8–12 mm long, pedicels 12–16 mm long, bracts minute to large and foliaceous, distinct or occasionally connate, lanceolate, ca. 6 mm long, those of pedicels smaller. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx 2–5(6)-lobed, nearly actinomorphic, probably white when fresh, 12–16 mm long, cleft 1⁄2–¼ its length, after anthesis splitting to base, the lobes foliaceous, lanceolate, moderately hirtelIous to villous, glabrous within, apex attenuate, the tube spathaceous or variously cleft into equal or unequal lobes, deciduous or persistent in fruit. Corolla usually bilabiate, white, usually fleshy, tube subcylindrical, flaring somewhat at mouth, slightly curved, ca. 12 mm long, moderately villous, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes imbricate in bud, upper lobes rhombic, ca. 4–5 mm long, ca. 4 mm wide, lower lobes broadly rhombic–orbicular, ca. 5–6 mm long, ca. 5–7 mm wide. Stamens 5, inserted about halfway up corolla tube, the 2 upper Stamens fertile, others staminodial, +/– with abortive anthers; fertile anthers coherent positioned in throat of corolla tube, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits or occasionally by apical pores. Ovary superior, oblong–ovoid, 2-carpellate, 1-celled, ovary glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, placentation parietal, placentas 2, ± intruded, rarely joined in center and dividing ovary into 2 cells; ovules numerous, anatropous, pubescent or glabrous, apex rounded or with a stylar beak; style ca. 6 mm long, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, lobes usually elliptic.

Fruit: Berries fleshy or firm; white; ovoid; ca. 1.5–1.8 cm long; often tipped by the persistent stylar beak. Seeds unknown.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Apparently rare and local in wet forest.

Elevation Range: 760–1,160 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 329 (1888)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:749 (Mo); St. John 1987d:479 (SPNOV/EM [as Cyrtandra higashinoi], DESCR), 483 (SPNOV/EM [as C. ustulata], DESCR); St. John 1988b:200 (NOMNOV: C. hemisphaerica, to replace nom. illeg. C. ustulata); Herbst & Wagner 1999:22 (EM, NOM:Syns. C. hemisphaerica, C. higashinoi, C. ustulata)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. North shore sea cliffs E of Waikolu valley, nr Wainene Stream, above Kukaiwaa. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H100814 Molokai PTBG 10/16/2008
2 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puu Alii NAR, first main drainage west of Ohialele along northern cliffs. 80% canopy cover with 5m tall Metrosideros at 55%, 4m tall Cheirodendron at 20%, 4m Myrsine lessertiana at 5%, gap with 20% cover of 3m tall Cibotium menziesii, rich in bryophytes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11386 Molokai PTBG 6/29/2005
3 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puu Alii NAR, second main drainage west of Ohialele along northern cliffs. 80% canopy cover with 5m tall Metrosideros at 55%, 4m tall Cheirodendron at 20%, 4m Myrsine lessertiana at 5%, gap with 20% cover of 3m tall Cibotium menziesii, rich in bryophytes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11393 Molokai PTBG 6/29/2005
4 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Waihanau, southern fork above dam, deeply carved drainage strewn with boulders. Metrosideros riparian lowland wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7058 Molokai PTBG 12/29/1997
5 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Headwaters of unnamed stream terminating at Wainene, east side of Kukaiwaa land shelf.. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H40809 Molokai PTBG 4/16/2008
6 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kapulei; Elevation 3200--3700 ft. Transitioal Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Mesic--Wet Forest with riparian headwater drainages rich in pteridophytes along saturated basalt walls; several small waterfalls and steep forested slopes above 3300 ft represent a rich watershed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7226 Molokai PTBG 2/25/1998
7 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Olokui NAR, western ridge of Wailau leading up to Olokui plateau, side gulch above Wailele falls, Metrosideros-Dicranopteris-Diplopterygium wet forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 14806 Molokai PTBG 11/16/2011
8 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Mapulehu; upper east side (Wailau Trail to Lae O Kapuna) Elev. 2400--3000 ft. Summit ridge of Metrosideros Montane Wet Forest with Cibotium understory and headwaters of Kapuna Gulch with narrow gulches of Metrosideros-Antidesma Lowland Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7161 Molokai PTBG 2/10/1998
9 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kaluaaha, west fork along perennial stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H121408 Molokai PTBG 12/5/2014
10 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puu Alii NAR, southwestern section of reserve, along upper rim of Waikolu. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11276 Molokai PTBG 4/27/2005
11 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kukuinui Valley, Wailau Valley, elev. 2400-2700 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Harold St. John 13272 Molokai PTBG 7/4/1933
12 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Waikolu; back of valley on steep slopes below overlook. Elev. 3150- 3400 ft. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron Montane Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 4107 Molokai PTBG 2/22/1995
13 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puu Alii NAR, first main drainage west of Ohialele along northern cliffs. 80% canopy cover with 5m tall Metrosideros at 55%, 4m tall Cheirodendron at 20%, 4m Myrsine lessertiana at 5%, gap with 20% cover of 3m tall Cibotium menziesii, rich in bryophytes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11398 Molokai PTBG 6/30/2005
14 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. North facing cliffs east of Waikolu Valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H40807 Molokai PTBG 4/15/2008
15 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kapulei; several small waterfalls and steep forested slopes above 3300 ft represent a rich watershed; Elevation 3200--3700 ft. Transitioal Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Mesic--Wet Forest with riparian headwater drainages rich in pteridophytes along saturated basalt walls. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7227 Molokai PTBG 2/25/1998
16 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. wawaia gulch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood & s. p. perlman 10010 Molokai US 11/20/2002
17 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Tukoo, mr conradt's place Tree in rain forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 15011 Molokai US 10/8/2016
18 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, S. Dunbar & K. Dunbar H60902 Molokai US 6/2/2009
19 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. tukoo, mr conradt's place Tree in rain forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 15011 Molokai US 10/8/1916
20 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. North shore sea cliffs east of Waikolu Valley, near Wainene Stream, above Kukaiwa`a Understory PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L. H100814 Molokai US 10/16/2008
21 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. North shore sea cliffs east of Waikolu Valley, near Wainene Stream, above Kukaiwa`a Understory PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer H100814 Molokai US 10/16/2008
22 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. north shore sea cliffs east of waikolu valley, near wainene stream, above kukaiwa`a Understory PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer h100814 Molokai US 10/16/2008
23 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. east maui, makawao district, waiopae drainage basin Shady gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer & k. m. bustamente h41203 Maui US 4/2/2012
24 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kukuinui Valley, Wailau Valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H.; Dunn, J.; Storey, W. B. 13272 Molokai US 7/4/1933
25 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Mapulehu; upper east side (Wailau Trail to Lae O Kapuna) summit ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Yoshioka, J.; Naeole, B.; Holt, A. 7161 Molokai US 1998-00-00
26 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Wawaia Gulch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Perlman, S. P. 10010 Molokai US 11/20/2002
27 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Dunbar, S.; Dunbar, K. H60902 Molokai US 6/2/2009
28 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. East Maui, Makawao District, Waiopae drainage basin Shady gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Bustamente, K. M. H41203 Maui US 4/2/2012
29 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. East Maui, Makawao District, Waiopae drainage basin Shady gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer & K. M. Bustamente H41203 Maui US 4/2/2012
30 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. mapulehu; upper east side (wailau trail to lae o kapuna) summit ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood, j. yoshioka, b. naeole & a. holt 7161 Molokai US 2/9/1998
31 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Western headwaters of Waiohookalo Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H40805 Molokai PTBG 4/14/2008
32 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. trail up waiakeakua-waiokeela ridge, head of wailau valley Wet forest, steep ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 13502 Molokai BISH 12/29/1936
33 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. East Maui, Makawao District, Waiopae drainage basin. Northing: 2287892; Easting: 787893. A few plants in shady gulch. Vegetation: Acacia, Metrosideros, Ilex, Myrsine, Dodonaea, Melicope, Cyrtandra, Clermontia, Diplazium, Pteris, Polystichum, Sadleria, Pneumatopteris, Pipturus, Coprosma, Bocconia, Adiantum, Peperomia, Holcus, Pennisetum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H41203 Maui BISH 4/2/2012
34 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Pu`u Ali`i NAR, second main drainage west of Ohialele along northern cliffs. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Hughes, G. 11393 Molokai US 6/29/2005
35 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kukuinui valley, wailau valley. semi-moist grassland pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john, j. dunn & w. storey 13272 Lanai BISH 7/4/1933
36 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kukuinui valley, wailau Moist woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. dunn, j.; storey, w.b. collector number: 13272 Molokai BISH 7/4/1933
37 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kahikinui Metrosideros dominated forest. With Cheirodendron, Elaeocarpus and Dicranopteris. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higashino, p.k. collector number: pkh 9226 Kauai BISH 6/20/1980
38 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. north shore sea cliffs east of waikolu valley, near wainene stream, above kukaiwaa Locally common. Hundreds of plants observed on steep slopes in understory, including many seedlings even under Hedychium and Clidemia, although unknown if these reach maturity. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Kadua, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Wikstroemia, Pipturus, Psychotria, Sadleria, Cibotium, Clermontia, Melicope, Labordia, Vaccinium, Coprosma, Machaerina, Pneumatopteris, Selaginella, Lythrum, Clidemia, Hedychium, Paspalum, Erigeron, Ageratina. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h100814 Molokai BISH 10/16/2008
39 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puaahala ahupuaa drainage of Kua Gulch, west of Kalapamoa Ridge. Vegetation: Metrosideros Montane Wet Forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H51517 Molokai BISH 5/19/2015
40 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kahikinui dry brushy side of gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higashino, p.k. collector number: pkh 9226 Oahu BISH 6/20/1980
41 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kahikinui, manawainui gulch, tr 25, sta 19, usfws forest bird survey Along moist roadside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higashino, p.k. collector number: pkh 9226 Kauai BISH 6/20/1980
42 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. hanalilolilo intake trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN misaki, e.t. collector number: 015 Molokai BISH
43 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kahawaiiki Stream. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Antidesma, Cyrtandra, Clermontia, Sadleria, Cibotium, Christella, Kadua, Cheirodendron, Selaginella, Elaphoglossum, Sphenomeris, Diplopterygium, Peperomia, Psidium, Clidemia. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H60902 Molokai BISH 6/2/2009
44 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. wailaulau gulch rain forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN medeiros, a.c. collector number: 234 Oahu BISH 7/22/1982
45 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. east maui, kahikinui, wailaulau drainage PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2460 Maui BISH 12/12/1985
46 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. waikolu valley above intake to tunnel PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2749 Oahu BISH 4/3/1987
47 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. pukoo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 280.mo Molokai BISH 7/1/1912
48 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. waikolu valley above intake to tunnel PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2750 Maui BISH 4/3/1987
49 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. trail on ridge e of mapulehu valley Rain forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. fosberg, f.r. collector number: 12891 Molokai BISH 12/29/1932
50 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Trail up Waiakeakua - Waiokeela ridge, head of Wailau Valley Wet forest, steep ridge. PreservedSpecimen Fosberg, F.R. Collector Number: 13502 Molokai BISH Specimen 12/29/1936
51 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. pukoo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hitchcock, a.s. collector number: 15011 Molokai BISH 10/8/1916
52 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. pukoo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 278.mo Molokai BISH 7/1/1912
53 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. North shore sea cliffs east of Waikolu Valley, near Wainene Stream, above Kukaiwaa Locally common. Hundreds of plants observed on steep slopes in understory, including many seedlings even under Hedychium and Clidemia, although unknown if these reach maturity. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Kadua, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Wikstroemia, Pipturus, Psychotria, Sadleria, Cibotium, Clermontia, Melicope, Labordia, Vaccinium, Coprosma, Machaerina, Pneumatopteris, Selaginella, Lythrum, Clidemia, Hedychium, Paspalum, Erigeron, Ageratina. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H100814 Molokai BISH 10/16/2008
54 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. pukoo gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN gagné, w.c. montgomery, s.l. collector number: 663 Kauai BISH 1/27/1973
55 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. trail on ridge e of mapulehu valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. fosberg, f.r. collector number: 12903 Maui BISH 12/29/1932
56 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hillebrand, w.b. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 1814-04-01
57 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kaluaaha, W fork along perennial stream Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Clidemia, Cyrtandra, Broussaisia, Cibotium, Vandenboschia, Asplenium, Dryopteris, Clermontia, Carex, Athyrium, Kadua, Psidium, Youngia, Ageratum, Ageratina, Diplazium, Peperomia. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H121413 Molokai BISH 12/5/2014
58 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kukuinui valley, wailau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. dunn, j.; storey, w.b. collector number: 13272 Maui BISH 7/4/1933
59 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. kahawaiiki stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, s. dunbar & k. dunbar h60902 NY 6/2/2009
60 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. olokui, wailele stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. wilbur, r.l. collector number: 23250 BISH 2/4/1948
61 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puu Alii NAR, northwestern side. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest and riparian ecosystem. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 10390 Molokai PTBG 9/18/2003
62 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kapulei;; several small waterfalls and steep forested slopes above 3300 ft represent a rich watershed; Elevation 3200--3700 ft. Transitioal Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Mesic--Wet Forest with riparian headwater drainages rich in pteridophytes along saturated basalt walls. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7225 Molokai PTBG 2/25/1998
63 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. East Maui, Waiopae drainage basin. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H41203 Maui PTBG 4/2/2013
64 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. MOLOKAI: Puu Alii NAR, first main drainage west of Ohialele along northern cliffs. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11382 Molokai PTBG 5/26/2005
65 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kapulei; several small waterfalls and steep forested slopes above 3300 ft represent a rich watershed; Elevation 3200--3700 ft. Transitioal Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Mesic--Wet Forest with riparian headwater drainages rich in pteridophytes along saturated basalt walls. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7229 Molokai PTBG 2/25/1998
66 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Waikolu; back of valley on steep slopes below overlook. Elev. 3150- 3400 ft. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron Montane Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 4108 Molokai PTBG 2/22/1995
67 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Wawaia Gulch. Metrosideros riparian mesic to wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 10010 Molokai PTBG 11/20/2002
68 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kahikinui, east Waiopae Gulch headwaters. Degraded Acacia/Metrosideros montane mesic forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H90633 Maui PTBG 9/28/2006
69 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Puaahala ahupuaa drainage of Kua Gulch, west of Kalapamoa Ridge. Along small tributary. Metrosideros montane wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H51517 Molokai PTBG 5/18/2015
70 Cyrtandra biserrata Hillebr. Kahawaiiki Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H60902 Molokai PTBG 6/2/2009
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